Background: Muscle structural studies on non-specific low back pain in young female nurses are rare. This study aimed to investigate the changes of lumbar extensor and flexor muscle cross-sectional area and fatty infiltration in young female nurses with chronic bilateral non-specific low back pain by lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging to speculate on the possible pathogenesis.

Methods: The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of 58 female nurses with chronic bilateral non-specific low back pain and 60 healthy female controls were analyzed retrospectively. The lumbar extensor and flexor muscle cross-sectional area/intervertebral disc cross-sectional area ratio, as well as magnetic resonance imaging signal intensity of lumbar extensor (erector spinae; multifidus) and flexor muscles (psoas muscle) were measured, calculated and compared between nurses and healthy controls by independent samples t-test. In addition, each mean MRI signal intensity of lumbar extensor or flexor muscles in nurses at different anatomical segments from lumbar vertebrae 2 (L2)-L3 to L5-sacral vertebrae 1 (S1) was also compared, and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analyzed the mean MRI signal intensity between muscles in nurses with multiple comparisons.

Results: There was no significant difference in lumbar extensor and flexor muscle cross-sectional area/intervertebral disc cross-sectional area ratio between nurses with chronic bilateral non-specific low back pain and healthy controls, p > 0.01. The magnetic resonance imaging signal intensity in lumbar extensor and flexor muscle was significantly higher in nurses with chronic bilateral non-specific low back pain than in healthy controls, p < 0.01. The MRI signal intensity of lumbar extensor muscle at the lower lumbar segments was higher than at the upper ones. The magnetic resonance imaging signal intensity of the extensor muscle (erector spinae; multifidus) was significantly higher than that of the flexor muscle (psoas muscle), p < 0.01.

Conclusions: This study showed that young nurses with chronic bilateral non-specific low back pain have lumbar extensor and flexor muscle fatty infiltration without muscle atrophy. We hypothesized that muscle fatty infiltration may occur prior to muscle atrophy. Therefore, the high fatty infiltration of the lumbar extensor and flexor muscle may be a cause or a result of chronic bilateral non-specific low back pain in young nurses.

Background: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are characterized by an ability for unlimited proliferation and efficiency of self-renewal. The targeting of lung CSCs (LCSCs)-related signaling pathways represent a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of lung cancer. Ferroptosis a potential strategy for LCSCs treatment, and curcumin cloud induce ferroptosis. In this study, we aimed to observe the effects of curcumin on LCSCs via ferroptosis-related pathways.

Methods: In this study, A549 cluster of differentiation (CD)133⁺ and A549 CD133^– cells were isolated using magnetic bead-based separation. Colony formation and sphere formation assays, as well as cells injection in non-obese diabetes/severe combined immune deficiency (NOD/SCID) mice, were used to analyze the tumorigenic ability of cells differentially expressing CD133. A549 CD133⁺ cells were treated with different doses of curcumin (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 μM). Cell viability, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) expressions were measured. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of curcumin, two ferroptosis inducers, inhibitor of GPX4 (RSL3) and inhibitor of FSP1 (iFSP1), and a ferroptosis inhibitor, ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), were used to investigate the mechanism underlying the effect of curcumin on ferroptosis in A549 CD133⁺ cells.

Results: A549 CD133⁺ cells had greater tumorigenic ability than A549 cells. Curcumin treatment suppressed the expressions of GPX4 (glutathione peroxidase 4) and FSP1 in A549 CD133⁺ cells, thereby inducing ferroptosis. RSL3 and iFSP1 respectively suppressed the GSH (glutathione)-GPX4 and FSP1 (ferroptosis suppressor protein 1)-CoQ10 (coenzyme Q10)-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) pathways in A549 CD133⁺ cells. However, the roles of curcumin were blocked by Fer-1 treatment.

Conclusions: In this study, curcumin induced ferroptosis through inhibiting the GSH-GPX4 and FSP1-CoQ10-NADH pathways in A549 CD133⁺ cells, resulting in the inhibition of their self-renewal potential.

Objectives: Over the past two decades, great progress has been made in advancing the early detection and multimodal treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, overall cure rates and survival rates of NSCLC are still not satisfactory, and research into new therapies is needed. This study attempted to construct human Fibroblast Activation Protein-Chimeric Antigen Receptor Natural killer (NK)-92 cells (hFAP-CAR-NK-92 cells) and explore their potential therapeutic effects in NSCLC.

Methods: Immunohistochemistry analysis was carried out to examine fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and Gasdermin E (GSDME) expression in clinical specimens of lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma tissue. Then the engineered hFAP-CAR-NK-92 cells efficiency was determined in vitro with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay and the cell morphology of A549, H226, and cancer-related fibroblast (CAF) was observed by electron microscopy. After the co-culture of target cells and effect cells, flow cytometry was employed for examining the CD107a expression in the effect cells, and western blotting was conducted for the cleavage levels of Caspase 3 and GSDME proteins in the target cells. The safety and efficacy of hFAP-CAR-NK-92 cells adoptive transfer immunotherapy in a tumor-bearing mouse were evaluated.

Results: Clinical studies have shown FAP positivity in patients with NSCLC. Compared with A549 or H226 cells alone, FAP expression was notably raised in A549+CAF cells or H226+CAF cells in nude mice, respectively (p < 0.05). The killing efficiency of K562 cells was not significantly different between hFAP-CAR-NK-92 and NK-92 cells (p > 0.05). The hFAP-CAR-NK-92 cells presented a higher killing efficiency against the hFAP-target (A549-hFAP, H226-hFAP and CAF-hFAP) cells than the NK-92 cells (p < 0.05). The degranulation of CD107a and cleavage levels of GSDME and Caspase 3 protein in the hFAP-CAR-NK-92 group were higher than those in the NK-92 group (p < 0.05). The 300 nM Granzyme B also induced pyroptosis in hFAP- or GSDME-positive cells (p < 0.05). In vivo experiments revealed that hFAP-CAR-NK-92 cells inhibited tumor progression of hFAP-positive NSCLC (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: In this study, we successfully constructed hFAP-CAR-NK-92 cells and confirmed that hFAP-CAR-NK-92 cells could target hFAP-positive NSCLC to inhibit the progression of NSCLC by activating the Caspase-3/GSDME pyroptosis pathway.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the primary cause of dementia in the elderly. The research on AD has markedly evolved since discovering the pathological hallmarks in the brain over the past years. However, the etiology of AD has not been completely elucidated, and presently there is no cure for AD. Furthermore, despite the disease hallmarks commonly manifested in all AD cases, considerable evidence suggests complex heterogeneity of AD pathogenesis. Specifically, studies have identified several disease genes that cause or associate with AD and discovered multiple modifiable risk factors of AD, which may further aggregate the complex etiology of AD. Understanding molecular mechanisms of AD genes and modifying risk factors of AD are making it possible to develop effective interventions to prevent or cure the disease, which may in turn help understand the disease etiology. Recently, there has been keen interest in carrying out multidisciplinary investigations on AD, e.g., the studies on the molecular basis in association with neural network abnormalities in AD. Furthermore, the molecular findings on the pathogenetics of AD have provided translational proof-of-concept to intervene in AD, which has inspired clinical trials by reducing disease neuropathology related to AD genes or risk factors of AD. This article's main aim is to highlight recent progress on the mechanisms and approaches with an attempt to gain an integrated perspective of AD etiology. We envision that this article and its referenced reports may provide a valuable point of reflection that may not only acknowledge past discoveries, but also stimulate future studies, advancing the understanding of the complex etiology of AD and the development of effective therapeutics for AD.

Background: Colorectal cancer is a common digestive tract malignancy. This study aimed to expound the functional role of fatty-acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) and the potential underlying mechanisms in the development of colorectal cancer.

Methods: Several techniques were utilized to investigate the role of FABP4 in colorectal cancer. FABP4 mRNA expression was quantified using Real time-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), sphere formation assays and flow cytometry evaluated cell growth, stemness, and apoptosis in SW480 and HT29 cells. Glycolysis was assessed via extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) , lactate production, glucose uptake, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) ratio, and Glut1 and Elevated lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) protein expression. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blot measured the protein expression of FABP4, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bax, Bcl-2, Glut1, LDHA, stemness makers (Sox2, Oct4, and ALDHA1), and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway proteins. In vivo experiments, BALB/c nude mice (n = 12) were inoculated with 200 μL HT29 cells (5 × 10⁶ cells) transfected with sh-FABP4 or short hairpin (sh)-negative control (NC), forming two groups with 6 mice each. The in vivo mice tumor model allowed for evaluating FABP4's impact on tumor growth.

Results: FABP4 was significantly upregulated in colorectal cancer tissues and cells (p < 0.05). FABP4 knockdown markedly inhibited cell proliferation, stemness, and glycolysis, while promoting apoptosis in these cells (p < 0.05). Additionally, FABP4 depletion led to a significant increase in ROS level (p < 0.05). However, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) (p < 0.05), a ROS scavenger, mitigates these effects. Furthermore, the effects of FABP4 depletion on cell growth, stemness, glycolysis, and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells were also retarded by NAC (p < 0.05). Notably, FABP4 knockdown also suppressed the ERK/mTOR pathway, suggesting its regulation via ROS (p < 0.05). In vivo study results showed, FABP4 depletion significantly curbed tumor growth in colorectal cancer (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: These results suggest that FABP4 depletion inhibits colorectal cancer progression by modulating cell growth, stemness, glycolysis and apoptosis. This regulation occurs through the ROS/ERK/mTOR pathway.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and incurable lung disease characterized by collagen deposition, alveolar inflammation, fibroblast proliferation, and the destruction of lung tissue structures. It is a rare yet severe condition with a high mortality rate, typically leading to death within 3–5 years of diagnosis. The clinical presentation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) involves a gradual and substantial loss of lung function, ultimately resulting in respiratory failure. Despite more than half a century of intensive research, the origin of IPF remains a mystery. Despite its unknown etiology, several genetic and non-genetic factors have been linked to IPF. Recent significant advancements have been made in the field of IPF diagnosis and treatment. Two oral small-molecule drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib, have recently gained approval for the treatment of IPF. Pirfenidone exhibits antifibrotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, while nintedanib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with selectivity for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, prostaglandin F (PGF) receptors, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors. Both of these compounds are capable of slowing down the progression of the disease with an acceptable safety profile. This review provides a brief introduction, historical background, epidemiological insights, and an exploration of various environmental risk factors that may influence the lung microenvironment and contribute to the advancement of IPF. The review also delves into the diagnosis, signaling pathways, and ongoing clinical trials worldwide. A thorough review of the literature was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar to gather information on various aspects of IPF. Numerous potential drugs are currently under investigation in clinical trials, and the completion of this process is crucial to the ultimate goal of finding a cure for IPF patients. The investigation of the role of genes, surfactant proteins, infectious agents, biomarkers, and epigenetic changes holds the promise of offering earlier and more accurate understanding and diagnosis of IPF. This information could be instrumental in the development of new therapeutic approaches for treating IPF and is expected to be of great interest to researchers.

Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) play a significant role in multiple cellular processes including lipid metabolism and neuronal survival. Fatty acids constitute 80% of the dry mass of the brain and are vital for life. Apart from mitochondrial β-oxidation, fatty acids are metabolized in part by peroxisomes to regulate the generation of acyl Coenzyme A and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Ablation of mitochondria and its associated genes tether endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Mitochondria contact and results in loss of function leading to aberrant lipid metabolism. Additionally, an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels along with free radicals' generation may lead to alteration in the integrity of membrane phospholipids, proteins, and DNA. Hence, it is critical to understand the effect of structural and functional aspects of mitochondria on lipid homeostasis. This review explains the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in lipid metabolism and its impact on various neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders.

Background: Doxorubicin (Dox) is a clinical first-line broad-spectrum anticancer agent. A dose-dependent cardiotoxic and myelosuppressive response limits the clinical use of Dox. Recent research indicates that Dox-induced cardiotoxicity is associated with senescent cell accumulation and that antiaging therapy can alleviate aging-related disorders. Cepharanthine (Cep) is commonly used to treat various acute and chronic illnesses, including leukopenia, snakebites, dry mouth, and hair loss. Whether Cep alleviates Dox-induced senescence is unknown.

Methods: The expression of genes and proteins associated with aging was examined using NIH3T3 cell lines. The experiments were divided into a control group, a Dox group, and a Cep group on different days. NIH3T3 senescent cells were detected by senescence-β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) staining, and Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of p16, p53, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR), p62, and Light Chain 3 (LC3). Fluorescence was used to detect the expression of monomeric red fluorescence protein-green fluorescence protein-Light Chain 3 (mRFP-GFP-LC3) and LC3 puncta in NIH3T3 cells. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‒qPCR) was used to test the expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASP: Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and Interleukin 8 (IL-8)). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to assess NIH3T3 cell viability.

Results: Here, we reported that Cep reversed the Dox-induced increase in the proportion of SA-β-Gal-positive cells and the high expression of aging-related proteins (p53, p < 0.05; p16, p < 0.05) and aging-related genes (IL-6, p < 0.05; IL-1β, p < 0.05; IL-8, p < 0.05) on the 3rd day. Mechanistically, Cep reduced the increase in the levels of phospho-mTOR (p < 0.05) on Days 1 and 3 and p62 protein (p < 0.05) caused by Dox on Day 1 and reversed the decline in LC3II/LC3I levels (p < 0.05) caused by Dox on Day 3, which is associated with the regulation of senescence. Additionally, the viability of NIH3T3 cells was significantly increased in the concentration range of 0.5–5 μM Cep (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: We first found that Cep could suppress SA-β-Gal activity (p < 0.05) and the development of SASP. Additionally, in Cep-treated cells, Cep could restore autophagy dysfunction and suppress the mTOR signaling pathway. This research provides a new view on the mechanics of aging and autophagy and aids in developing novel antiaging drugs.

Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the most widespread and dangerous forms of brain tumor with high inflammation. The tumor microenvironment comprises diverse tumor cells, different types of immune cells, and the extracellular matrix. Inflammatory mediators like chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors possibly serve as a capable therapeutic target to quash their tumor-promoting properties in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Cytokines are a heterogeneous group of soluble functional proteins which are also associated with the induction and progression of tumors. These are supposed to have both pro-inflammatory (such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-4, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-13) and anti-inflammatory (such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), IL-10, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)) actions and are the crucial communications channels in the tumor microenvironment. In the present minireview we discuss the tumor microenvironment and inflammatory mediators and focus on the involvement of cytokines in establishing communication with the tumor microenvironment. The presented data highlight the possible roles of cytokines in communication between glioblastoma cells and tumor microenvironment. Cytokines formed by immune cells protect the host organs while cytokines secreted by tumor cells are used for their advantage. Though the clinical trials with a number of immunotherapeutic agents are going on around the globe, there is still a requirement for thorough investigation of the regulatory mechanism managing GBM growth, recurrence, and tumor response to the therapy.

Macrophage polarization is a critical determinant of disease progression and regression. Studies on macrophage plasticity and polarization can provide a theoretical basis for the tactics of diagnosis and treatment for macrophage-related diseases. These include inflammation-related diseases, such as sepsis, tumors, and metabolic disorders. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) or macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1, a 25 kDa secreted homodimeric protein, is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily that is released in response to external stressors. GDF-15 regulates biological effects such as tumor occurrence, inflammatory response, tissue damage, angiogenesis, and bone metabolism. It has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects in inflammation-related diseases. Moreover, inflammatory stimuli can induce GDF-15 expression in immune and parenchymal cells. GDF-15 exhibits a feedback inhibitory effect by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α secretion during the macrophage activation anaphase, suggesting that there may be a close association between the two. GDF-15 directly induces CD14⁺ monocytes to produce the M2-like macrophage phenotype, inhibits monocyte-derived macrophage for M1-like polarization, and induces monocyte-derived Mφ for M2-like polarization. This review summarizes the macrophage polarization mechanism of GDF-15 under the conditions of sepsis, colon cancer, atherosclerosis, and obesity. An improved understanding of the role and molecular mechanisms of action of GDF-15 could greatly elucidate the mechanism of disease occurrence and development and provide new ideas for targeted disease prevention and treatment. An advanced understanding of the function and molecular mechanisms of action of GDF-15 may be helpful in the assessment of its potential value as a therapeutic and diagnostic target.

Background: Previous studies have explored the relationship between serum lead levels and the risk of female breast cancer (FBC). However, it is still uncertain whether urinary lead levels are associated with FBC. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between urinary lead and FBC.

Methods: A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which is a series of cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys of the United States population consisting of 10 survey waves from 1999 to 2018. This study analyzed a total of 2795 female participants (≥20 years), consisting of 210 participants with FBC and 2585 healthy controls. Urinary lead was detected using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, which was divided into four levels by using quartiles-defining cut points. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between urinary lead and FBC.

Results: Multivariate logistic regression revealed that urinary lead was positively correlated with FBC (Odds ratio [OR], 2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.18, 3.95], p < 0.05) in a fully adjusted model. There were significantly increased ORs of FBC in quartile 4 (Q4) and quartile 3 (Q3), compared with the lowest quartile 1 (Q1) (Q4, OR = 1.48, 95% CI [0.89, 2.48]; Q3: OR = 1.01, 95% CI [0.59, 1.73], p for trend = 0.021). No significant interaction effects were observed between urinary lead levels and FBC between the subgroups (age, race, educational status, body mass index (BMI), marital status, family income to poverty ratio, hypertension status, diabetes status, renal function status, smoking history, ever been pregnant, oral contraceptive use, occupation classification, etc.) (All interaction p-value > 0.05).

Conclusions: Urinary lead is likely positively associated with FBC in the US population.

Background: It is common to obtain a low detection rate and unsatisfactory detection results in complex infection or rare pathogen detection. This retrospective study aimed to illustrate the application value and prospect of the third-generation sequencing technology in lower respiratory tract infection disease.

Methods: This study recruited 70 patients with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). Pathogen detection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from all patients was performed using nanopore metagenomic sequencing technology and traditional culture. BALF culture combined with quantitiative PCR (qPCR) was used as a reference standard to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of nanopore sequencing technology. The current study also collected the examination results of enrolled samples using technical methods sputum culture, tuberculosis DNA (TB-DNA), and Xpert MTB/RIF and analyzed the detection efficiency of nanopore sequencing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Results: The positive rates of pathogens in 70 BALF samples detected by conventional culture and nanopore sequencing were 25.71% and 84.29%, respectively. Among the 59 positive BALF cases using nanopore sequencing, a total of 31 pathogens were identified, of which the proportions of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other pathogens were 50%, 17%, 32%, and 1%, respectively. Using the results combined with culture and qPCR detection methods as the standard, the pathogen detection of BALF using nanopore sequencing had a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 91.7%. Additionally, the positive rate of the detection of M. tuberculosis using nanopore sequencing was 33.3% (6/18). The clinical medication plans of 74.3% (52/70) of the patients were referred to the nanopore sequencing results, of which 31 cases changed their treatment strategy, 21 supported the previous treatment plans, and 90% (47/52) of the patients finally had clinical improvement.

Conclusions: BALF detection using nanopore sequencing technology improves the process of detecting pathogens in patients with LRTI, especially for M. tuberculosis, fungi, and viruses, by reducing the report time from three days to six hours. The clinical application prospect of nanopore sequencing technology is promising in the pathogen diagnosis of LRTI.

Background: The high rate of the recurrence and metastasis of osteosarcoma (OS) is the major cause of its poor prognosis. There is a strong correlation between tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) and tumor progression, progression, and metastasis. This study aimed to identify potential markers that could predict OS metastasis based on analysis of TANs in the tissues of OS patients.

Methods: A single-cell sequencing dataset (GSE152048), containing seven primary OS lesions, two recurrent OS lesions, and two lung metastatic OS lesions was used for TANs subset identification using the R software (version 4.1.0, R Project for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria; https://www.r-project.org/). Immune cell infiltration and immune score were analyzed using CIBERSORT algorithm and ESTIMATE database, respectively. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of TANs were used for weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to screen key genes associated with OS metastasis. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analysis were used to analyze the functions and signaling pathways involved in key genes. The mRNA levels of protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B'gamma (PPP2R5C) were validated in human osteosarcoma cell lines U2-OS and MG63, human normal cervical endometrial cell line HUCEC, and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF-1) cell line by real-time qPCR (RT-qPCR). PPP2R5C-siRNA991 was transfected into U2-OS and MG63 for 48 h, then the expression levels of PPP2R5C, AKT serine/threonine kinase (AKT), and phospho-AKT (p-AKT) were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis were measured by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), Transwell, and flow cytometry, respectively.

Results: We identified TANs subsets in primary, metastatic, and recurrent OS. Immune infiltration analysis showed that TANs were expressed in OS. Compared with non-metastatic OS, metastatic OS had lower stromal score, immune score, ESTIMATE score, and higher tumor purity. WGCNA classified DEGs into five clusters, according to their function and identified PPP2R5C, protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B'epsilon (PPP2R5E), tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein gamma (YWHAG) and CREB binding protein (CREBBP), as potential markers that may affect TANs-induced OS metastasis via hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K)-AKT and Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the mRNA and protein expressions of PPP2R5C, PPP2R5E, YWHAG, and CREBBP were highly expressed in U2-OS and MG63 cells (p < 0.01). Furthermore, PPP2R5C reduced proliferation and migration (p < 0.01) and increased apoptosis and p-AKT protein levels in U2-OS and MG6 cells (p < 0.01).

Conclusions: PPP2R5C affects OS metastasis via PI3K/AKT pathway, which may be a potential marker for OS metastasis and recurrence.

Background: Hypoxia is a pivotal factor influencing cellular gene expression and contributing to the malignant progression of tumors. Metabolic anomalies under hypoxic conditions are predominantly mediated by mitochondria. Nonetheless, the exploration of hypoxia-induced long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with mitochondria remains largely uncharted.

Methods: We established hypoxia cell models using primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. We isolated mitochondria for high-throughput sequencing to investigate the roles of candidate lncRNAs in HCC progression. We employed in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate the functions of solute carrier family 1 member 5 antisense lncRNA (SLC1A5-AS). RNA-seq was utilized to scrutinize the comprehensive genome profile regulated by SLC1A5-AS in HCC. Subsequently, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis were utilized to validate the expression of alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2 (ASCT2, encoded by the SLC1A5 gene), and a glutamine uptake assay was employed to estimate the glutamine uptake capacity of Huh-7 cells after SLC1A5-AS overexpression. To delve into the mechanisms governing the regulation of SLC1A5 expression by SLC1A5-AS, we employed a biotin-labeled SLC1A5-AS probe in conjunction with a western blot assay to confirm the interactions between SLC1A5-AS and candidate transcription factors. Luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were utilized to authenticate the effects of the predicted transcription factors on SLC1A5 promoter activity.

Results: Following the screening, we identified CTB-147N14.6, derived from the antisense strand of the SLC1A5 gene, which we have named SLC1A5-AS. SLC1A5-AS exhibited significantly elevated expression levels in HCC tissue and was associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. In vitro and in vivo assays revealed that the overexpression of SLC1A5-AS significantly heightened cell invasion and metastasis. RNA-seq data unveiled SLC1A5-AS involvement in glutamine metabolism, left-handed amino (L-amino) acid transmembrane transporter activity, and the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Overexpression of SLC1A5-AS markedly increased ASCT2 mRNA/protein levels, thereby enhancing glutamine uptake and promoting the growth and metastasis of HCC cells. Mechanistically, higher RNA levels of SLC1A5-AS directly bound with myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF1), acting as a transcriptional repressor, thus diminishing its binding to the SLC1A5 promoter region.

Conclusions: Our findings unveil a novel role for the lncRNA SLC1A5-AS in glutamine metabolism, suggesting that targeting SLC1A5-AS/MZF1, in conjunction with ASCT2 inhibitor treatment, could be a potential therapeutic strategy for this disease.

Background: The emergence of chemotherapy resistance usually causes therapeutic failure in advanced cervical cancer. Forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) and threonine tyrosine kinase (TTK) are closely associated with cancer drug sensitivity, but the mechanism of FOXM1 on TTK involvement in chemo-treated cervical cancer remains unclear. Here, we aimed to observe the effects of FOXM1 on TTK and on chemotherapy sensitivity in cervical cancer.

Methods: The expressions of FOXM1 and TTK in cervical cancer tissues and para-cancerous tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. SiHa and Hela cells were transfected with human lentivirus-FOXM1, small interfering RNA (siRNA) or pcDNA3.1/FOXM1 to analyze the changes in TTK protein expression. Furthermore, the cells were treated with paclitaxel (8 μM) or cisplatin (10 μM) to analyze the effects of FOXM1 on chemotherapy sensitivity. SiHa cells were used to construct a xenograft model to study the effects of FOXM1 expression in response to paclitaxel treatment. The tumor size and weight were observed. The expressions of Ki-67, FOXM1, and TTK protein in tumor tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry.

Results: High expression of FOXM1 and TTK were found in the cervical cancer tissues (p < 0.05). The TTK protein expressions were decreased by FOMX1-siRNA transfection in SiHa and Hela cells (p < 0.01). The cell viability and cell cycle were also suppressed by FOMX1-siRNA transfection (p < 0.01) but enhanced by pcDNA3.1/FOXM1 transfection (p < 0.01). For paclitaxel or cisplatin treatment, the cell viability and cell DNA damage were improved due to the FOXM1 overexpression (p < 0.01). TTK inhibitor significantly suppressed the effects of FOXM1 overexpression (p < 0.01).

Conclusions: FOXM1 regulated TTK and affected the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin and paclitaxel in cervical cancer.

Background: Amonafide (Amo), due to hematotoxicity and digestive tract symptoms, the clinical application of which is limited. Several studies have reported that chemotherapy side effects are closely related to cellular senescence accumulation. Our study aims to examine whether amonafide causes senescence in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) lines and investigate its mechanisms associated with senescence.

Methods: The experiments of expression of genes and proteins associated with aging were carried out with HUVEC cell lines. The experiments were divided into a control group and an amonafide group with different days. The HUVEC senescence cells were detected by SA-β-Gal staining, Western blotting detected the protein levels of p16, p53, AMPK (Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate (AMP)-Activated Protein Kinase), mTOR (mechanistic Target of Rapamycin), p62, and LC3 (microtubule-associated protein1 light chain 3, MAP1LC3). Fluorescence detected the expression of mRFP (monomeric Red Fluorescent Protein)-GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein)-LC3 and LC3 puncta of HUVEC cells. RT-qPCR (Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) tested the expressions of p53, p21, IL (Interleukin)-1β, IL-6 (Interleukin-6), IL-8 (Interleukin-8), and MCP-1 (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1). CCK-8 (Cell Counting Kit-8) assessed the HUVEC cell viability.

Results: Here, we reported that amonafide resulted in an increased proportion of SA-β-Gal positive cells, high expression of aging-related proteins (p53 p < 0.05; p16 p < 0.05), and aging-related genes (p53 p < 0.05; p21 p < 0.05; IL-1β p < 0.05; IL-6 p < 0.05; IL-8 p < 0.05; MCP-1 p < 0.05) on the 3rd day. Mechanistically, amonafide could cause an increase in the levels of the mTOR (p < 0.05) on days 1 and 3, and p62 protein (p < 0.05) on day 1, and a decline in LC3II (microtubule-associated protein1 light chain 3Ⅱ)/LC3I levels (p < 0.05) on day 3, which is associated with the regulation of senescence. Additionally, the viability of HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) was significantly inhibited by amonafide starting with a concentration of 0.8 μm (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: We first discovered that amonafide caused normal cellular senescence in our experiments. Amonafide-induced cellular aging by inhibiting autophagy and activating the mTOR pathway. The findings may offer new strategies for managing adverse reactions to amonafide.

Background: The aberrant expression of adipocyte enhancer binding protein 1 (AEBP1) has been observed in many cancers and it seems to be involved in the tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis in numerous tumor types. However, the contribution of AEBP1 in breast cancer (BCa) remains inexplicable.

Methods: Information related to the diagnostic significance and expression of AEBP1 in BCa was obtained from the public dataset Kaplan–Meier Plotter (http://kmplot.com/analysis/) and the dataset UALCAN (https://ualcan.path.uab.edu/index.html). The MTT (methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium) assay, colony formation assay, Transwell® assay, and FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) assay were used to detect the proliferation, invasive and apoptotic ability of cells before and after treatment. In addition, we constructed an AEBP1 overexpression vector and silenced AEBP1, combined with Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), western blot, immunohistochemistry and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling) assay to investigate the prognostic significance, biological functions and potential mechanisms of AEBP1 in BCa.

Results: Higher expression of AEBP1 mRNA (message RNA) was observed in BCa patients with later-stage, who obtained poorer overall survival. Meanwhile, compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues, AEBP1 protein expression was dramatically upregulated in the BCa ones. Furthermore, overexpressed AEBP1 enhanced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and blocked cell apoptosis in BCa cells. Moreover, the research certificated that AEBP1 upregulated the expression of MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-2, 9, vimentin, N-cadherin (neural-cadherin), phosphorylation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), Smad2/3 (Abbreviated from Sma for nematode and Mad for Drosophila) and AKT (V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog), while down-regulated the expression of E-cadherin (epithelial cadherin) and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10). To inhibit cell apoptosis, enforced expression of AEBP1 effectively blocked the cleavage of caspase 9 and p53 (protein 53) and promoted the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2). Finally, AEBP1 accelerated subcutaneously transplanted tumor growth in nude mice by increasing the expression of the cell proliferation biomarker ki67, the phosphorylation of AKT, and blocked apoptosis in vivo.

Conclusions: In summary, these data suggested the important role of AEBP1 in the BCa progression, which could be used as a potential biomarker for prognostic hallmark and a novel therapeutic strategy.

Objective: Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a prevalent form of primary glomerulonephritis, distinguished by the proliferation of mesangial cells and the accompanying inflammatory response. Baicalin, the active ingredient in the Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi plant, has been observed to have a protective effect on the kidneys. However, its specific impact on MPGN has yet to be studied widely. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect on MPGN and the underlying mechanisms of Baicalin.

Methods: Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, aged 6 to 8 weeks, were randomly allocated into different subgroups: control, model, benazepril, and three baicalin subgroups (low, medium, and high dose), each consisting of six rats. The concentrations of 24-hour urinary protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), interleukins (IL-1α, IL-2, IL-10), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were measured with biochemistry. The pathological alterations in the renal tissue were examined using Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) along with Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Concurrently, the extent of apoptosis was evaluated using TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. In vitro, mesangial cells were exposed to 30 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide for 24 h, with or without varying concentrations of baicalin (10, 20, 40 μM). MTT assay was applied to estimate cell activity, flow cytometry to evaluate the cell cycle, and 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) detection to measure cell proliferation. IL-1α, IL-2, IL-10, and IFN-γ concentrations in the cell supernatant were assayed with biochemistry. Furthermore, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, concluding BCL2-Associated X (Bax), Bcl-2, NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3), and caspase-1, NF-E2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) pathway-related proteins (Nrf2 and HO-1), and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway-related proteins (p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, and AKT) in both the renal tissue and cell supernatant were measured.

Results: Baicalin treatment significantly reduced the 24-hour urinary protein, serum levels of BUN, SCr, TG, TC, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-10, and IFN-γ in vivo experiments. Baicalin treatment also improved the pathological condition of renal tissue and decreased the occurrence of apoptosis. In vitro, findings confirmed that baicalin inhabits the proliferation of mesangial cells triggered by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induces a G1 phase cell cycle arrest, and reduces the concentrations of IL-1α, IL-2, IL-10, and IFN-γ. Baicalin also decreased the ratios of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-AKT/AKT while enhancing the levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 in both renal tissue and cell supernatant.

Conclusions: Baicalin can mitigate MPGN by impeding the proliferation and inflammation of mesangial cells by activating Nrf2/ARE and PI3K/AKT pathways.

Seasonal variation in blood pressure that is higher in winter and lower in summer has been attributed to several factors that include changes in the activity of autonomic nervous system, vasopressin and expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), a non-selective Ca²⁺-permeable cationic channel, serves as a molecular transducer to sense cold by the somatosensory system. TRPM8 is sensitive to protein kinase C (PKC) and phosphatidyl inositol-4,5-biphosphate [PI(4,5)P₂] suggesting that TRPM8 is stimulated by phospholipase C (PLC)-coupled receptors. Activated PLC inhibits TRPM8 by reducing cellular PI(4,5)P₂ levels and by activating PKC via diacyl glycerol. Bradykinin and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which are pro-inflammatory molecules, reduce the responses to cold, suggesting that phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which releases polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the precursors of various eicosanoids, from the cell membrane lipid pool can modulate the function of TRPM8. TRPM8 functions as a nociceptor and modulates immune response. These and other studies indicate that cold-induced activation of transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) plays a role in the pathobiology of hypertension, preeclampsia and in the regulation of inflammation and immunity.

Background: Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease with high mortality rates and poor prognoses. The influence of ischemic stroke includes a heavy economic burden to patients and society, making the exploration of new therapeutic targets for preventing and treating ischemic stroke urgent. This study aimed to explore the effect of phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5 (PGAM5) on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in ischemic stroke.

Methods: The model of ischemic neuronal brain injury was established through culturing purchased human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). There were six experimental groups, including the OGD/R model group (SH-cells of OGD/R model), OE-NC group (cells of OGD/R model transfected with scramble cDNA), OE-PGAM5 group (cells of OGD/R model transfected with full-length sequence of PGAM5), si-NC group (cells of OGD/R model transfected with negative control small interference (si)RNA), si-PGAM5 group (cells of OGD/R model transfected with siRNA for PGAM5 knockdown), and a control group (cells cultured normally). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry were used to determine the activity and apoptosis of cells. Subsequently, the effects of PGAM5 expression on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction were analyzed. Mitochondrial morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was determined by JC-1 fluorescent probe. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by flow cytometry, and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. The expression of light chain (LC)3-II/I and autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5) proteins were measured, and the regulation of PGAM5 expression on PTEN-induced putative protein kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin pathway was also explored.

Results: PGAM5 overexpression in OGD/R cells decreased the cell viability (p < 0.001) while increasing cell apoptosis (p < 0.01) compared to the OGD/R group. Inhibition of PGAM5 expression reversed the decreased cell viability (p < 0.001) and the increased cell apoptosis (p < 0.01). The JC-1 fluorescence showed that OGD/R treatment reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (p < 0.001) and TEM showed an obvious increase in phagosomes. In addition, OGD/R treatment enhanced oxidative stress (increased ROS, p < 0.01; increased MDA, p < 0.001; decreased SOD, p < 0.001), which could be further enhanced by overexpression of PGAM5 (ROS, p < 0.001; MDA, p < 0.001; SOD, p < 0.001) while reversed by the inhibition of PGAM5 (ROS, p < 0.01; MDA, p < 0.001; SOD, p < 0.001). The OGD/R-activated PINK1/Parkin pathway was inhibited by the knockdown of PGAM5 (p < 0.01) but promoted by the overexpression of PGAM5 (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: PGAM5 stimulates oxidative stress and impairs mitochondrial function in ischemic stroke, and regulates the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway. Therefore, PGAM5 is likely to be a target for the therapy of ischemic stroke.

Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC), a commonly recognized malignancy, arises within the digestive tract. Somatostatin (SOM) is a regulatory peptide that acts on secretion in vivo. Several studies have shown that SOM has inhibitory effects on various cancers. This work aims to probe the inhibitory effect, and mechanism of SOM action, on the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of PC cells.

Methods: First, the effects of SOM and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) on the proliferation of PC cells was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Next, we assessed the impact of SOM and TGF-β on the metastasis and apoptosis of PC cells using transwell assays and flow cytometry. Finally, we evaluated the effects of SOM and TGF-β on the expression of EMT-related proteins, apoptosis-related proteins, and proteins related to the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in PC cells using western blot analysis.

Results: SOM suppressed the growth and metastasis of PC cells, and facilitated their apoptosis (p < 0.05). Moreover, SOM reversed pro-apoptotic effects of TGF-β (p < 0.05). Specifically, SOM increased the expression of Cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3 (Caspase-3) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) proteins while reducing the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein (p < 0.05). SOM also reversed the TGF-β-induced EMT process. The TGF-β1, Smad2, and Smad3 proteins in PC cells treated with SOM were significantly down-regulated (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: SOM suppressed the EMT progression in PC cells through its regulation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.

Background: The function of flavin containing dimethylaniline monooxygenase 1 (FMO1), which is known to play a part in lipid metabolism, remains unclear in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This research has the objective of examining the contributions of FMO1 in the progression of NAFLD and the associated mechanisms, particularly the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and ferroptosis pathways.

Methods: An in vitro NAFLD model was established by treating L02 cells with free fatty acids (FFAs). The FMO1 and ferroptosis levels were examined in the cellular NAFLD model. FMO1 was knocked down using short-interfering RNA transfection. The effects of FMO1 knockdown on lipid accumulation, PPARα expression, and ferroptosis were examined in the cellular NAFLD model. Additionally, the effects of FMO1 and/or PPARα overexpression on lipid metabolism and ferroptosis were analyzed. Furthermore, L02 cells were pre-treated with GW7647 (PPARα agonist) or RSL3 (ferroptosis activator) and stimulated with FFAs.

Results: The levels of FMO1 and ferroptosis were upregulated in the in vitro NAFLD model. FMO1 knockdown suppressed the FFA-induced accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes, downregulation of PPARα expression, and upregulation of ferroptosis. In contrast, FMO1 overexpression dysregulated lipid metabolism and downregulated PPARα levels. Meanwhile, PPARα overexpression mitigated the FMO1 overexpression-induced upregulation of ferroptosis and lipid accumulation. Treatment with RSL3 suppressed the effects of PPARα overexpression on lipid accumulation and FMO1 expression.

Conclusions: FMO1 upregulates ferroptosis by suppressing PPARα in NAFLD, which leads to the dysregulation of lipid metabolism.

Objectives: To study the effects of curcumin on the proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, and radiosensitivity of the radioresistant nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) C6661-IR strain as well as the potential radiosensitization mechanism.

Methods: NPC cells were continuously irradiated with different intensities of radiation to induce radiation-resistant cell lines. A plate clone formation assay was used to evaluate the effect of curcumin on the radiosensitivity of NPC cells. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide thiazolyl blue (MTT) assay was conducted to detect changes in cell viability. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze apoptosis percentage as well as Transwell® assay and immunofluorescence assay to observe cell invasion. Western blotting was applied to detect the expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and pro/cleaved-caspase 3. MiR-205-5p mimics and si-TP53INP1 were synthesized and transfected into C6661-IR cells, and the cells were then incubated with 10 μm/L curcumin. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to measure miR-205-5p levels and western blotting was conducted to detect the expression of TP53INP1.

Results: The optimal radiation dose of X-ray was 6 Gy, and this dose was used in all subsequent experiments. Curcumin treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of C6661-IR cells, promoted apoptosis and enhanced radiosensitivity. Compared to the 0 Gy+Cur group and the 6 Gy+Cur group, the miR-205-5p levels were higher in the C6661-IR cells of the 0 Gy and 6 Gy groups. Moreover, miR-204-5p was found to directly target TP53INP1. Curcumin downregulated miR-205-5p levels and upregulated TP53INP1 expression (p < 0.05). Thus, modulation of miR-205-5p or TP53INP1 expression attenuates the biological effects of curcumin on C6661-IR cells.

Conclusions: Curcumin inhibited the proliferation and invasion of C6661-IR, promoted apoptosis, and enhanced its radiosensitivity to X-rays by mediating miR-205-5p/TP53INP1 expression.

Background: Herbal medicinal products containing Vaccinium myrtillus L. (bilberry) fruits and fruit extracts are widely available in the market. Although bilberry leaves and stems are considered as bio-waste, they contain much higher levels of phenolic compounds than fruits. The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and anticancer potential of aerial part extracts from Vaccinium myrtillus L. (V. myrtillus, VM) plants harvested at high altitudes in Armenian landscape and characterize the bioactive phytochemicals.

Material and Methods: For evaluation of antioxidant properties, chemical-based tests (total phenolic and flavonoid content, and antiradical activity in 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) tests) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay were applied. Genotoxicity and anticancer properties of the extract alone and in combination with fluorouracil were explored in human cancer and normal cell lines. Antibacterial properties of V. myrtillus extract alone and in combination with antibiotics, as well as their effect on proton-flux rate through cell membrane were explored on bacterial strains. The characterization of active phytochemicals was done using Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS).

Results: The V. myrtillus aerial part extract demonstrated promising antioxidant properties in all tests. The selective cytotoxic activity was documented against various cancer cell lines (human colon adenocarcinoma (HT29), human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human cervical carcinoma (HeLa)), while it did not inhibit the growth of tested human normal primary renal mixed epithelial cells (HREC) even at 10-fold higher concentrations. The extract did not have genotoxic properties in comet assay making it a potential source for the development of anticancer preparations. The investigated extract did not directly inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) strains at up to 1 mg/mL concentration. However, V. myrtillus extract enhanced the kanamycin intake and increased its efficiency against E. coli strain. The phytochemical characterization of the extract showed the presence of different groups of phenolics.

Conclusions: Based on obtained data, we suggest the aerial parts of the V. myrtillus plant as an alternative source of bioactive natural products for food supplements, nutraceuticals, functional foods and medicine.

Background: Lenvatinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), and has been applied in the clinical trials for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The function of 5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (ALA) treatment in protecting cardiomyocytes under lenvatinib stimulation was investigated.

Methods: H9c2 cells were treated with 2 mg/mL lenvatinib for 48 h and 1 mM ALA in the lenvatinib with low dose 5-aminolevulinic acid treatment group (LL) group, 10 mM ALA in the lenvatinib with high-dose 5-aminolevulinic acid treatment group (LH) group and cells without treatment were used as an internal control. C57/BL mice were treated with 10 mg/kg lenvatinib and 200 mg/kg ALA in the LL group and 400 mg/kg ALA in the LH group by gavage once per day for 4 weeks. The proliferation ability of cells was detected using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Target gene expression was calculated through real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and target protein expression was calculated through Western blotting analysis. The concentrations of cardiovascular protective factors were detected using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results: In these experiments, 10 mM ALA significantly increased the viability rate of cardiomyocytes (105.4 ± 8.0%) compared with the single lenvatinib treatment group (73.2 ± 6.5%). We also noticed that activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways were activated after low-dose ALA treatment. 5-ALA treatment led to the downregulation of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (0.81- and 0.71-fold), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) (0.63- and 0.66-fold), angiotensin I (ANGI) (0.88- and 0.66-fold), ANGII (0.66- and 0.48-fold) and upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS) (1.25- and 1.89-fold) compared with non 5-ALA treatment group.

Conclusions: With more experiments on animal models, low-dose of ALA treatment might be a therapeutic strategy to alleviate the damage to cardiomyocytes induced by lenvatinib.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has long been considered technically difficult in locally advanced colon cancer (LACC). However, the introduction of oxaliplatin-based regimens led to a growing interest in NAC for patients with LACC. Several cohort studies showed that NAC was safe and reduced the rate of incomplete resection in patients with LACC. This was followed by the pivotal phase III FOxTROT trials, which showed significant benefits of NAC in this population. However, in patients with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR), the response to a neoadjuvant fluoropyrimidine regimen may be poor, limiting the benefit of NAC in this subset of patients. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy is a potential alternative for NAC in LACC patients with dMMR. In this concise review, we present the published clinical evidence evaluating the efficacy and safety of NAC and/or neoadjuvant immunotherapy in patients with LACC. Overall, the evidence suggests that NAC can be associated with significant downstaging and tumor regression, which facilitate surgical resection. However, the impact of NAC on long-term survival is still under investigation. Despite the promising results of NAC in LACC, several concerns still exist that necessitate further evidence. On the other hand, LACC patients with dMMR can benefit from neoadjuvant immunotherapy; however, further trials are still needed to confirm its effectiveness, as well as biomarkers that can predict response.

Background: Asiaticoside is one of the main components of triterpenoid saponins extracted from Centella asiatica. Asiaticoside has shown the effects of wound healing, osteoclastogenesis, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and improving cognition in multiple human disease models. However, studies on the antifatigue effects of asiaticoside have not been explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential antifatigue effect and underlying mechanism of asiaticoside administration on exhaustive exercise performance.

Methods: Male Kunming mice were divided into four groups randomly (n = 20/group). Saline (10 mL/kg) was administered to the model control group and the other three experimental groups were fed with low (10 mg/kg), medium (20 mg/kg) and high (40 mg/kg) asiaticoside once/daily for 14 days. The antifatigue effect of asiaticoside on mice was estimated by analyzing changes in body weight, weight-loaded swimming time, rotating time, lactic acid, urea nitrogen, liver/muscle glycogen, serumal superoxide dismutase, superoxide dismutase and the liver tissues of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining.

Results: The results indicated that no significant differences were observed in the body weight of each group (p > 0.05). Compared with the model control group, supplementation of asiaticoside significantly prolonged the weight-loaded swimming time and rotating time; Decreased the blood lactic acid (LA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serumal malonaldehyde (MDA); And increased the content of liver/muscle glycogen and serumal superoxide dismutase levels (SOD) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the pathological results of the liver were improved greatly. The maximal effect was observed in the medium group of 20 mg/kg.

Conclusions: Asiaticoside is capable of reducing the fatigue effect by regulating energy consumption, energy metabolism and improving antioxidant activity after exercise. While there are still some shortcomings in this study, our findings provide a scientific basis for developing an asiaticoside-based antifatigue supplement.

The field of oncology is continuously seeking to find effective treatment therapies with limited side effects. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a promising class of cancer therapies that have been shown to be effective with limited side effects. Although promising, these therapies experience shortcomings, such as the stability and reproducibility of current conjugation methods. Historically, ADCs have been produced by stochastic conjugation methods; however, new methods of site-specific conjugation have evolved to mitigate current ADC shortcomings. In this article, we highlight the success of ADCs as well as some of their challenges. We also highlight the shortcomings of stochastic conjugation and explore the various site-specific conjugation methods and their advantages over stochastic conjugation.

Background: NAT10 (N-acetyltransferase 10) is a newly identified novel acetyltransferase. Abnormal expression of NAT10 is associated with several human disorders, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate the role of NAT10 in promoting lung cancer malignant progression through the NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) signaling pathway.

Methods: Cells lines BEAS-2B, NCI-H524, A549, PC-9, NCI-H23, and NCI-H258 were cultured for identification. Western blotting and PCR assays determined gene expression within the sample cells. Cellular functionality was assayed using CCK8 (Cell Counting Kit-8), Dual-Luciferase Reporter, and Colony formating.

Results: The PCR assay and Western blotting showed a significant elevation of NAT10 levels within tumor tissues compared to paraneoplastic tissues (p < 0.05). Specifically, NAT10 only affected the expression and content of RelA/p65 in lung cancer. Analysis from the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database indicated that elevated expression levels of NAT10 in tumors can be a good prognostic indicator for lung cancer patients. The CCK8 assay showed that the knockdown of NAT10 significantly suppressed the A549 cells' progression rate (p < 0.05). The colony formation assays further confirmed that the overexpression of NAT10 significantly increased the generation of clones in the NCI-H524 cells (p < 0.05). The proliferation rate influenced by the overexpression of NAT10 was inhibited by blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway (p < 0.05). Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay results revealed NAT10's potential in promoting the NF-κB signaling pathway's activity in lung cancer. Immunohistochemical staining underscored a strong link between NAT10 protein expression and the NF-κB signaling pathway in lung cancer tissues.

Conclusions: NAT10's expression is significantly upregulated in tumor tissues, supported by PCR results. NAT10 plays a role in the development and proliferation of lung cancer cells and can activate the NF-κB signaling pathway in lung cancer. Hence, NAT10's regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway is critical in the malignant proliferation of lung cancer.

Background: Autophagy plays critical adaptive and nonadaptive roles in the pathogenesis of Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (Sepsis-AKI). However, it remains unknown whether myocardial infarction associated transcript (MIAT) is involved in the process of autophagy in Sepsis-AKI. This study aimed to explore the exact association between MIAT1 and Beclin 1 (BECN1)-mediated autophagy in Sepsis-AKI in vitro.

Methods: HK-2 (human renal tubular epithelial cell line) cells were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to construct a septic kidney injury cell model in vitro. The relative expression changes of genes or proteins in clinical samples and cells were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) or Western blot. Cell survival was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry analysis. The production of inflammatory mediators was determined using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and qRT-PCR assays. The interlinked relationship between polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) and MIAT or BECN1 was validated by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and RNA pull-down detections.

Results: The expression of MIAT was up-regulated in Sepsis-AKI patients and LPS-stimulated HK-2 cells. Down-regulation of MIAT strikingly lightened LPS-induced cell apoptosis and inflammation, but enhanced cell viability. Evidenced by mechanistic experiments, MIAT silencing was confirmed to activate BECN1-mediated cell autophagy by interacting with PTBP1. Furthermore, the elimination of BECN1 remarkably reversed the antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory roles mediated by MIAT silencing.

Conclusions: In summary, the experimental data reinforced that MIAT downregulation attenuated LPS-stimulated renal cell inflammatory injury by promoting BECN1-mediated autophagy activation through binding to PTBP1, providing some new insights into the function and mechanism of MIAT in Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (Sepsis-AKI).

Background: Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) confers substantial morbidity and mortality. Semaglutide treatment has demonstrated efficacy in ameliorating sepsis-related organ damage via attenuation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cell death. In this study, we constructed a mouse SIMD model using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to explore whether semaglutide preconditioning can modulate autophagy levels and attenuate myocardial injury.

Methods: C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into six groups: sham, CLP (including CLP-6 h, CLP-12 h and CLP-24 h subgroups), semaglutide, and semaglutide+Compound-C, with five mice in each group. The latter two groups were given daily intraperitoneal injections of semaglutide for 14 days. The semaglutide+Compound-C group was given the autophagy inhibitor Compound-C intraperitoneally 1-hour before CLP surgery. After the last injection of semaglutide, SIMD mouse models were constructed by CLP surgery, while the sham group underwent a sham operation. All mice were sacrificed after surgery, and blood and myocardial specimens were collected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the levels of inflammatory factors and myocardial injury markers in the serum, while quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot was used to detect the expression of autophagic markers [microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3B (LC3B), Beclin-1, p62] and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in myocardial tissue. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to observe pathological changes in myocardial tissue.

Results: The myocardial fibers in the sham group were normal, while those in the CLP group showed disordered arrangement, interstitial edema, and a large number of infiltrating inflammatory cells. A few vacuolar changes were observed locally in the semaglutide group, and more vacuolar changes were observed in the semaglutide+Compound-C group. Autophagy was inhibited in the CLP group mice. Compared with the CLP group, the semaglutide group showed a decreased levels of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β) and myocardial injury markers (creatine kinase isoenzyme, cardiac troponin T) in the serum, a reduced expression of autophgic substrate p62, and an increased expression of LC3II (the lipidated form of LC3I)/LC3I (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3), Beclin-1, and p-AMPK (phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase)/AMPK in the injured myocardial tissues of mice (p < 0.05). And the protective effects of semaglutide against SIMD were partially reversed by the treatment of AMPK inhibitor Compound-C (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Taken together, these data indicate that semaglutide provides protection against CLP-triggered myocardial inflammation and injury, potentially by reactivating myocardial autophagy pathways via activation of AMPK signaling. Further mechanistic studies are needed to definitively elucidate the functional significance of AMPK signaling in mediating the beneficial cardiac effects of semaglutide during sepsis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma development and many other tumors are closely related to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), its determination can be used as a positive test for tumors. It is mainly used clinically as a serum marker to diagnose and monitor the efficacy of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, a variety of biosensors have been developed to detect AFP. Electrochemical sensors integrate a variety of detection methods. They have inherent advantages over other types of sensors, they are fast, portable, simple, and highly sensitive. Some meaningful electrochemical biosensors work with nanomaterials acting as signal amplification elements or as signal amplification catalysts. This review introduced the field of biosensors and discuss about the use of nanomaterials in electrochemical sensing, specificity electrochemical biosensing of AFP. The study ends with a discussion about the prospects for nanomaterial-based signal amplification and future research directions.

Background: At present, there is no comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for the treatment of thrombophilia during pregnancy in clinical practice. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the efficacy of LMWH in the treatment of patients and its effects on coagulation function, thereby providing a reference for the clinical treatment and prognosis evaluation of thrombophilia during pregnancy.

Methods: Database PubMed, Web of Science and Embase as well as China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang Database were applied for the search of data. A comparative study on the efficacy of LMWH in the treatment of gestational thrombophilia was enrolled. Stata 16.0 software (Stata, College Station, TX, USA) was utilized to conduct the meta-analysis.

Results: A total of 487 relevant articles were retrieved and 14 studies were finally included. Patients in the LMWH combined with the low-dose aspirin group had a significantly higher live birth rate than those in the aspirin or LMWH treat group (OR (odds ratio) = 4.54, 95% CI (confidence interval): 2.76, 7.45). The adverse effects rate was lower in the LMWH combined with the low-dose aspirin group than in the aspirin or LMWH treatment group (OR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.56). After treatment, patients in the LMWH combined with the low-dose aspirin group had significantly lower D-dimer (SMD (standardized mean differences) = –1.50, 95% CI: –2.19, 0.80) and platelet count (PLT; SMD = –0.13, 95% CI: –0.35, 0.09) than those in the aspirin or LMWH treatment group. However, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT; SMD = 0.16, 95% CI: –0.10, 0.42), thrombin time (TT; SMD = 0.60, 95% CI: –0.14, 1.34), plasma prothrombin time (PT; SMD = 0.42, 95% CI: –0.71, 1.56), and fibrin values (FIB; SMD = –0.92, 95% CI: –2.12, 0.28) were significantly higher in the LMWH combined with low-dose aspirin group than those in the aspirin or LMWH treatment group.

Conclusions: LMWH heparin combined with low-dose aspirin can effectively correct coagulation function in pregnant women, improve prothrombotic state and increase the live birth rate, which has high clinical value.

Background: Approximately 50% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises due to the infection by hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx). Sorafenib, a unique targeted oral kinase inhibitor, is the therapeutic agent of choice for advanced HCC. The mechanism of HBx in drug resistance of sorafenib-resistant HCC cells was evaluated in this study.

Methods: Employing a stepwise increase of the sorafenib content, Hep3B and HepG2 cells were iteratively induced to establish drug-resistant cell lines (Hep3B/R and HepG2/R). The survival rate of Hep3B, Hep3B/R, HepG2, and HepG2/R cells was estimated using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The IC₅₀ values of sorafenib were calculated, exploring its effects under varying concentrations. The HBx content was quantified via quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western Blot. HBx overexpression and interfering virus vectors were constructed and transfected into Hep3B/R and HepG2/R cells. Cell viability and metastasis were assessed by colony formation, wound healing, and transwell assays. E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, Slug, and Snail content was evaluated via Western Blot.

Results: HBx content was significantly elevated in Hep3B/R and HepG2/R subgroups compared to Hep3B and HepG2 subgroups. The proliferation, clonogenicity, invasiveness, and migratory abilities of Hep3B/R and HepG2/R cells in the HBx subgroup were markedly enhanced; E-cadherin content was significantly reduced, whereas the content of N-cadherin, Vimentin, Slug, and Snail was significantly elevated in the HBx subgroup. Conversely, in the sh-HBx subgroup, the proliferation, clonogenicity, invasion, and migration of Hep3B/R and HepG2/R cells were significantly reduced, E-cadherin content was markedly increased, and N-cadherin, Vimentin, Slug, and Snail content was significantly reduced, compared to the sh-negative control (NC) subgroup.

Conclusions: HBx knockout may affect the development of HCC by reducing the proliferation, invasion, and migration of Hep3B/R and HepG2/R cells through the inhibition of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT).

Background: Sarcopenia is a common condition that can occur in people with chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with this condition in patients with RA.

Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 182 adult patients with RA. They were diagnosed with sarcopenia using the Asian Working Group's 2019 update on sarcopenia diagnosis. The body composition was estimated using a body impedance analyzer. Physical performance and muscle strength were evaluated with six-meter walk test and hand grip dynamometer, respectively. The Disease Activity Score (DAS) 28 and the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) were used to assess disease activity and functional status, respectively.

Results: The majority (87.4%) were female with a mean age (SD) of 59.2 (10.2) years. They had been suffering from RA for a long time (median disease duration [Interquartile range (IQR)] 11 [6–16] years) and had mildly active disease [mean DAS28 (SD) 2.61 (0.83)] with slightly functional disability [median HAQ (IQR) 0.34 (0–0.65)]. Of these, 26.4% had sarcopenia. Advanced age [relative risk (RR) 1.07 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.11), p = 0.002], low body mass index (BMI) [RR (95% CI) 0.81 (0.72–0.90), p < 0.001], high disease activity [RR (95% CI) 1.64 (1.22–2.12), p = 0.045], and depression [RR (95% CI) 1.18 (1.01–1.37), p = 0.04] were independently associated with sarcopenia.

Conclusions: Sarcopenia was found to be common in Thai RA, and its independent risk factors are age, disease activity, BMI, and depression. Well-controlled disease activity may be beneficial for preventing or minimizing sarcopenia and improving patient outcomes.

Background: Allergic asthma (AA) is a prevalent chronic airway inflammation disease. In this study, this study aims to investigate the biological functions and potential regulatory mechanisms of the insulin receptor (INSR) in the progression of AA.

Methods: BALB/c mice (n = 48) were randomly divided into the following groups: control group, AA group, AA+Lentivirus (Lv)-vector short hairpin RNA (shRNA) group, AA+Lv-vector group, AA+Lv-INSR shRNA group, and AA+Lv-INSR group. The pulmonary index was calculated. mRNA and protein expression levels of INSR, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), phosphorylated-STAT3 (p-STAT3), phosphorylated-JAK2 (p-JAK2), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), febrile neutropenia (FN), mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), and mucin 5B (MUC5B) were examined using reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot assays. Positive expressions of INSR, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma-t (RORγt), and forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3) were quantified by immunohistochemistry. Fluorescence intensities of α-SMA and FN were detected by immunofluorescence. Pathological morphology was observed through hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, Masson staining, and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Contents of immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin-6 (IL-6), eotaxin, interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-13 (IL-13), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The percentage of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells was determined through flow cytometry.

Results: Compared to the control group, expression levels of INSR, p-STAT3, p-JAK2, α-SMA, FN, MUC5AC, MUC5B, RORγt, and Foxp3, as well as IgE, IL-6, eotaxin, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-17 contents, pulmonary index, glycogen-positive area (%), and Th17 cell percentage significantly increased (p < 0.05). Additionally, pulmonary histopathological deterioration and collagen deposition were aggravated, while Treg cell percentage and IFN-γ and IL-10 contents remarkably decreased (p < 0.05). The overexpression of INSR further exacerbated the progression of allergic asthma, but the down-regulation of INSR reversed the trends of the above indicators.

Conclusions: The down-regulation of INSR alleviates airway hyperviscosity, inflammatory infiltration, and airway remodeling, restoring Th17/Treg immune balance in AA mice by inactivating the STAT3 pathway.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that occurs frequently in women of childbearing age and is associated with insulin resistance. Serum visfatin can affect insulin resistance by binding to insulin receptors and further affect the occurrence and development of PCOS. In this study, we investigated the current status of serum visfatin levels in patients with PCOS through a literature search and meta-analysis.

Methods: We searched online Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), CBMdisc (China Biology Medicine disc) databases and registered websites such as the ICTRP (International Clinical Trial Registration Platform) and clinicaltrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/) for case-control studies on PCOS and visfatin levels, assessed the quality of the included articles with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS scale), and combined the comparison of serum visfatin levels between patients with PCOS and healthy individuals from high-quality studies.

Results: 20 research papers were included in the quantitative analysis of this study. The combined analysis showed that obese patients with PCOS had statistically significantly higher visfatin levels than healthy people [MD (mean difference) = 12.94, 95% CI (confidence interval) (6.52–19.37), Z = 3.95, p < 0.0001]. Visfatin levels were higher in non-obese patients with PCOS than in healthy people and are statistically significant [MD = 14.98, 95% CI (5.80–24.16), Z = 3.20, p = 0.001]. Heterogeneity in the combined analysis was not related to study location, the publication year of the literature, source of serum samples, but was influenced by the quality of the literature. After excluding the most influential papers, the combined analysis was conducted again, and the conclusion was consistent with that before the exclusion. The results of Egger’s test showed no significant publication bias.

Conclusions: High serum visfatin levels are a natural feature of PCOS and are not associated with obesity; Serum visfatin levels may be a potential marker for the diagnosis of PCOS, but their relationship with PCOS and insulin resistance remains worthy of in-depth investigation.

Background: The therapeutic outcomes for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with early neurological deterioration (END) are adverse. Argatroban is a novel direct thrombin inhibitor, which is safe in the treatment of AIS, but its efficacy is controversial. This study sought to assess the therapeutic effect of argatroban as an adjunct to aspirin in the treatment of AIS patients with END. Patients’ prognosis for the presence of END was also evaluated.

Methods: Overall, 166 AIS patients with END were included in the study from June 2018 to June 2021 in The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University. Patients were divided in the control group (aspirin alone) and the study group (aspirin combined with argatroban). General data of the patients were collected. Clinical indexes such as the modified Edinburgh-Scandinavian stroke scale (MESSS), and the serum fibrinogen (FIB) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels before and after treatment were also collected. Correlations between prognosis and general data, and FIB and NPY levels in AIS patients with END were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. The performance of FIB and NPY levels in predicting patients’ prognosis was further analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results: There was no significant difference in the general data, such as sex, age, course of disease and basic diseases between the 2 groups. After treatment, the MESSS score (13.08 ± 3.24 vs. 16.48 ± 3.32, p < 0.001), serum FIB level (2.72 ± 0.81 vs. 3.52 ± 0.71, p < 0.001), and NPY level (121.28 ± 17.34 vs. 152.09 ± 18.25, p < 0.001) of the study group was significantly lower than that of the control group. A further analysis revealed that the serum FIB (OR, odds ratio = 2.296, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.437–3.669, p = 0.001) and NPY (OR = 1.020, 95% CI: 1.002–1.039, p = 0.031) levels were independent risk factors of patients’ prognosis for the presence of END.

Conclusions: Aspirin combined with argatroban significantly improved neurological impairment of AIS patients with END, which is worthy of clinical application.

Background: With the wide application of multislice spiral computed tomography (CT), the frequency of detection of multiple lung cancer is increasing. This study aimed to analyze gene mutations characteristics in multiple primary lung cancers (MPLC) using large panel next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays.

Methods: Patients with MPLC surgically removed from the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University from Jan 2020 to Dec 2021 enrolled the study. NGS sequencing of large panels of 425 tumor-associated genes was performed.

Results: The 425 panel sequencing of 114 nodules in 36 patients showed that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) accounted for the largest proportion (55.3%), followed by Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2 (ERBB2) (9.6%), v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF), and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) (8.8%). Fusion target variation was rare (only 2, 1.8%). ERBB2 Y772_A775dup accounted for 73%, KRAS G12C for about 18%, and BRAF V600E for only 10%. AT-rich interaction domain 1A (ARID1A) mutations were significantly higher in invasive adenocarcinoma (IA) which contained solid/micro-papillary malignant components (p = 0.008). The tumor mutation burden (TMB) distribution was low, with a median TMB of 1.1 MUTS/Mb. There were no differences in the TMB distribution of different driver genes. In addition, 97.2% of MPLC patients (35/36) had driver gene mutations, and 47% had co-mutations, mainly in IA (45%) and invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) (37%) nodule, with EGFR (39.4%), KRAS (9.1%), ERBB2 (6.1%), tumor protein 53 (TP53) (6.1%) predominately.

Conclusions: MPLC has a unique genetic mutation characteristic that differs from advanced patients and usually presents with low TMB. Comprehensive NGS helps to diagnose MPLC and guides the MPLC clinical treatment. ARID1A is significantly enriched in IA nodules containing micro-papillary/solid components, suggesting that these MPLC patients may have a poor prognosis.

Background: The usage of life-saving mechanical ventilation (MV) could cause ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD), increasing both mortality and morbidity. Aminophylline (AP) has the potential to enhance the contractility of animal skeletal muscle fibers and improve the activity of human respiratory muscles, and the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)- forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1)-muscle RING finger-1 (MURF1) pathway plays a crucial role in skeletal muscle dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the impact of AP on VIDD and to elucidate the role of the IGF-1-FOXO1-MURF1 pathway as an underlying mechanism.

Methods: Rat models of VIDD were established through MV treatment. IGF-1 lentiviral (LV) interference (LV-IGF-1-shRNA; controlled by lentiviral negative control LV-NC) was employed to inhibit IGF-1 expression and thereby block the IGF-1-FOXO1-MURF1 pathway. Protein and mRNA levels of IGF-1, FOXO1, and MURF1 were assessed using western blot and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), respectively. Diaphragm contractility and morphometry were examined through measurement of compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Oxidative stress was evaluated by levels of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide dismutase (SOD), antioxidant glutathione (GSH), and carbonylated protein. Mitochondrial stability was assessed by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and mitochondrial fission and mitophagy were examined through protein levels of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), mitofusin 2 protein (MFN2), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), and Parkin (western blot). Apoptosis was evaluated using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay and levels of Bax, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), and Caspase-3. Levels of Atrogin-1, neuronally expressed developmentally downregulated 4 (NEDD4), and muscle ubiquitin ligase of SCF complex in atrophy-1 (MUSA1) mRNA, as well as ubiquitinated protein, were utilized to determine protein degradation. Furthermore, the SUnSET (surface sensing of translation) method was employed to determine rates of protein synthesis.

Results: MV treatment upregulated IGF-1 while downregulated FOXO1 and MURF1 (p < 0.05). AP administration reversed IGF-1, FOXO1 and MURF1 (p < 0.05), which was suppressed again by IGF-1 inhibition (p < 0.05), demonstrating the blockage of the IGF-1-FOXO1-MURF1 pathway. MV treatment caused decreased CMAP and cross-sectional areas of diaphragm muscle fibers, and increased time course of CMAP (p < 0.05). Additionally, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and protein degradation were increased and mitochondrial stability was decreased by MV treatment (p < 0.05). Conversely, AP administration reversed all these changes induced by MV, but this reversal was disrupted by the blockage of the IGF-1-FOXO1-MURF1 pathway.

Conclusions: In this study, MV treatment induced symptoms of VIDD in rats, which were all effectively reversed by AP regulating the IGF-1-FOXO1-MURF1 pathway, demonstrating the potential of AP in ameliorating VIDD.