This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of viral skin diseases, integrating recent epidemiological findings, advances in pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms, and the latest diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, with the goal of informing both research and clinical practice. Relevant literature published between January 2015 and January 2025 was retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, and official documents from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Studies addressing epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic strategies, and clinical guidelines for viral skin diseases were systematically reviewed, analyzed, and summarized. Recent epidemiological evidence demonstrates persistent regional disparities in the prevalence of major viral skin infections caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). Advances in molecular research have elucidated key mechanisms, including viral immune evasion, latency, and reactivation, which are closely associated with diagnostic refinement and therapeutic development. Diagnostic precision has improved through nucleic acid amplification techniques, while novel therapeutic approaches, including targeted immunomodulatory agents and expanded vaccination programs, offer potential to overcome longstanding treatment bottlenecks. This review highlights the integration of epidemiological trends, molecular insights, and standardized clinical guidelines to provide a comprehensive reference for clinicians and researchers. We propose that elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying viral skin diseases, particularly those involving viral immune evasion and host immune regulation, will facilitate the development of targeted immunomodulatory strategies to enhance patient outcomes.